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PSERC Seminars 2010

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Name Author Date Size Type
Integrating Wind Power Efficiently into Electricity Markets Poses New Regulatory Challenges
Description
Slides for PSERC Tele-Seminar on January 19, 2010
The inherent variability of generation from renewable sources, such as wind and solar power, may 1) increase the operating costs associated with additional ramping requirements, and 2) increase the amount of installed conventional generating capacity needed to maintain the operating reliability of a network. The additional system costs for both of these factors can be mitigated by providing additional services from, for example, controllable loads and storage capacity. This presentation uses a case study to demonstrate that these services are not adequately compensated by typical regulatory practices. As a result, current regulation will not provide the correct economic incentives to ensure that reliability standards are maintained on networks with high penetrations of generation from renewable sources. The proposed solution to this problem is to develop a hierarchical structure for operating and managing networks that will make it easier to control the increased uses of distributed energy resources that are likely to provide many of the new services needed to maintain system reliability in the future. This hierarchical structure will also make it more practical to set the correct economic incentives for providing these services efficiently.
This tele-seminar is based on on-going projects with PSERC and the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions.
Author
Tim Mount, Cornell Univ.
Date
1/18/2010
Size
610.97 KB
Type
Document
Tim Mount, Cornell Univ. 1/18/2010 610.97 KB Document
Impact of Increased DFIG Wind Penetration on Power Systems and Markets: Small Signal and Transient Stability
Description
Slides for PSERC Tele-Seminar on February 2, 2010
Among the several wind generation technologies, variable speed wind turbines utilizing doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) are gaining prominence in the power industry. As the performance is largely determined by the converter and the associated controls, a DFIG is an asynchronous generator. Since DFIGs are asynchronous machines, they primarily have four mechanisms by which they can affect the damping of electromechanical modes (since they themselves do not participate in the modes): displacing synchronous machines thereby affecting the modes; impacting major path flows thereby affecting the synchronizing forces; displacing synchronous machines that have power system stabilizers; DFIG controls interacting with the damping torque on nearby large synchronous generators. Following a large disturbance, the restoring mechanisms that bring the affected generators back to synchronism are related to the interaction between the synchronizing forces and the inertia of the generators in the system. In the case of a DFIG, however, the inertia of the turbine is effectively decoupled from the system. The power electronic converter at the heart of the DFIG controls the performance and acts as an interface between the machine and the grid. With conventional control, rotor currents are always controlled to extract maximum energy from the wind. Hence, with the increased penetration of DFIG based wind farms, the effective inertia of the system will be reduced and system reliability following large disturbances could be significantly affected. This webinar gives results of analyses of these issues.
Author
Vijay Vittal, Arizona State Univ.
Date
2/2/2010
Size
269.70 KB
Type
Document
Vijay Vittal, Arizona State Univ. 2/2/2010 269.70 KB Document
Impact of Increased DFIG Wind Penetration on Power Systems and Markets: Frequency Response and Stability
Description
Slides for PSERC Tele-Seminar on February 9, 2010
Wind energy, being non-dispatchable, has different operational characteristics than conventional energy sources. Additionally high levels of wind penetration create issues of power system control and interconnection issues. In this work we focus on MW-frequency control issues, system attributes, the grid problems introduced due to those attributes, and possible solutions to address them. The ultimate objective is to provide an approach for identifying the right combination of solutions for a given power system with a given projection regarding wind penetration levels. To do so, we need to establish the performance impact of each solution on each problem and we need to estimate cost per unit for each solution. The overall problem is an optimization problem of a combinatorial nature. The challenge is to ensure, at a particular wind penetration level, minimum cost and, at the same time, maximum impact sets of solution. Although this is the ultimate goal of our work, the objective in this project was to understand the impact of high wind penetration on transient frequency dip and on regulation/reserve requirements.
Author
Jim McCalley, Iowa State Univ.
Date
2/9/2010
Size
1.08 MB
Type
Document
Jim McCalley, Iowa State Univ. 2/9/2010 1.08 MB Document
Impact of Increased DFIG Wind Penetration on Power Systems and Markets: Voltage Response and Stability
Description
Slides for PSERC Tele-Seminar on February 16, 2010
This tele-seminar gives the results from a PSERC projectthat examined the impact of increased penetration of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind generation on power system dynamic performance and hence reliability. DFIG wind turbines use controls that effectively isolate the inertia from the grid. In addition, large wind farms are typically connected to the grid at lower voltage levels resulting in higher fault currents. As a result, the increase in penetration of wind generation may affect a power system's transient stability, overall frequency response, regulation, voltage response, fault ride-through capability, and load-following capability. The impact of increased wind penetration was analyzed under two scenarios: a) Increased wind penetration with concomitant displacement of aged conventional generation, and b) Increased wind penetration without any decrease in existing conventional generation. Analyses identified the conditions under which increased wind penetration could result in violation of reliability criteria. Other selected critical system impact issues were studied, such as on low-voltage ride through and dynamic reactive compensation as per the requirements of FERC standards, and on the effects of increased wind penetration on frequency stability. Solutions of identified problems were explored.
Author
V. Ajjarapu, Iowa State Univ.
Date
2/16/2010
Size
765.23 KB
Type
Document
V. Ajjarapu, Iowa State Univ. 2/16/2010 765.23 KB Document
Impact of Increased DFIG Penetration on Market Mechanisms
Description
Slides for the PSERC Tele-Seminar on February 23, 2010.
Increased penetration of wind-based resources into the generation mix is expected to have a distinct impact on the functioning of power markets. As electricity markets gravitate towards a regime where renewables, such as wind power, are an integral part of a ¿rm's generation mix, multiple questions persist in terms of how market mechanisms should evolve to contend with the challenges arising from uncertainty and intermittency. In this research, we developed a flexible methodology for modeling strategic behavior in markets where firms may have wind-based generation. Importantly, we introduce a risk-based mechanism that charges firms when their bids have a large exposure to risk. Our research effort concentrated on the developing a modeling framework that can accommodate a host of complexities, ranging from capturing uncertainty and risk preferences in the setting of a two-settlement forward-spot market.
We derive some insights using a 53-node model of the Belgian network. Here, we allow a set of generators, some with a significant proportion of wind assets, to compete in the forward and spot-market in the face of uncertainty. Our models provide several insights for market design. For instance, we observe that higher levels of risk-aversion lead to lower participation in the forward markets while higher level of wind penetration. This tele-seminar provides an overview of the research on market mechanisms for wind power integration.
Author
Uday V. Shanbhag, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign
Date
2/23/2010
Size
3.12 MB
Type
Document
Uday V. Shanbhag, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign 2/23/2010 3.12 MB Document
Singular Values and Principal Component Analysis in PMU Data Interpretation
Description
Slides for the PSERC Tele-seminar on March 2, 2010
Applications requiring interpretation of very large data sets have long relied on a range of techniques generally titled “ Principal Component Analysis” (PCA), and PCA’ s analytic underpinning, the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Problems as varied as gene sequencing, geological sensing for oil/gas exploration, and even NetFlix’ s film recommendation system make use of these standard analytic tools. However, despite the enormous volume of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data being collected in North America and around the world, to date the power systems community appears to have overlooked these powerful methods as a means to process and interpret PMU data. In this seminar, we will argue that PMU data is particularly well suited to the application of SVD methods. A relatively low cost computation of largest singular value and vector, applied to a matrix of windowed PMU measurements, offers an effective view of system operating point sensitivity to changes in system inputs and network parameters, adaptively capturing system sensitivity to both power injection changes and network topology changes. Using simple power flow analysis, synthetically generated computational examples, and real-world PMU data, this work seeks to demonstrate that this SVD computation on a set of windowed PMU samples yields a measurement-based, “ model free” indicator of proximity to system voltage stability limits and related operating problems.
Author
Chris DeMarco, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Date
3/2/2010
Size
722.78 KB
Type
Document
Chris DeMarco, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison 3/2/2010 722.78 KB Document
Distributed Intelligence Architecture for Smart Grids
Description
Slides for PSERC Webinar on April 6, 2010
This talk will describe the distributed intelligence architecture for smart grid and how the architecture addresses each one of the principal smart grid objectives. It will demonstrate why some of the current smart grid initiatives may be successfully deployed, but will fail to achieve the main smart grid goals unless a more radical change towards distributed intelligence architectures is pursued.
Author
Santiago Grijalva, Ga. Tech.
Date
4/6/2010
Size
1.77 MB
Type
Document
Santiago Grijalva, Ga. Tech. 4/6/2010 1.77 MB Document
Integration of Asset and Outage Management Tasks for Distribution Applications
Description
Slides for the PSERC webinar on April 13, 2010
This presentation looks at how to improve the reliability of a distribution system using data from the newly emerged Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). The role of IEDs in improving the monitoring of aging equipment and locating faults is explored. New approaches for both asset and outage management using non-operational data, which is recorded by IEDs and can reveal the current condition of the system, are developed to reduce both the frequency and the duration of outages. The presentation also focuses on risk-based analysis based on impacts of improved data sources on proposed asset and outage management methods. Our approach considers the overlapping use of IED database and proposes the concept of integration of asset and outage management tasks. The expected benefits from integration include: leveraging in IED installation cost, reduction in restoration time, and better management of maintenance budgets.
Author
Mladen Kezunovic, TAMU
Date
4/13/2010
Size
850.19 KB
Type
Document
Mladen Kezunovic, TAMU 4/13/2010 850.19 KB Document
Allocation and Leakage in Regional Cap-and-Trade Markets for CO2
Description
Slides for the PSERC tele-seminar on May 4, 2010.
Among the most contentious elements of the design of cap-and-trade systems for emissions trading is the allocation or assignment of the emissions credits themselves. Policy-makers usually try to satisfy a range of goals through the allocation process, including easing the transition costs for high-emissions firms, reducing leakage to unregulated regions, and mitigating the impact of the regulations on product prices such as electricity. In this presentation we present a detailed representation of the U.S. Western electricity market to assess the potential impacts of various allocation proposals. Several proposals involve the ‘ updating’ of permit allocation, where the allocation is tied to the ongoing output, or input use, of plants. These allocation proposals are designed with the goals of limiting the pass-through of carbon costs to product prices, mitigating leakage, and of mitigating the costs to high-emissions firms. However, allocation updating can also inflate permit prices, thereby limiting the benefits of such schemes to high emissions firms. Rather than mitigating the impact on high carbon producers, the net operating profit of such firms can actually be lower under input-based updating than under auctioning. This is due to the fact that product prices (and therefore revenues) are lower under input-based updating, but overall compliance costs are relatively comparable between auctioning and input-based updating. Thus, the anticipated benefits from allocation updating are greatly reduced and further distortions are introduced into the trading system.
Author
James Bushnell, Iowa State Univ.
Date
5/4/2010
Size
514.85 KB
Type
Document
James Bushnell, Iowa State Univ. 5/4/2010 514.85 KB Document
Impact on Wind Variability on Power System Small-Signal Reachability
Description
Slides for the PSERC tele-seminar on June 8, 2010.
This talk focuses on the impact of wind penetration on system dynamic performance. In particular, we address how system variables may deviate from prescribed values imposed by operational requirements due to the uncontrolled variability of the wind resource. In this regard, we introduce an analytically tractable method, amenable for computer implementation, to assess whether certain variables of interest, such as system frequency and bus voltages, remain within acceptable ranges while the system is subjected to uncontrolled disturbances caused by the variability of the wind resource. We envision this method to be used in planning studies as well as operations. It provides operators with a metric of how close the time-evolved system may be from violating certain performance requirements given the amount of available wind-based generation and its expected variability.
Author
Alejandro D. Dom?uez-Garc? University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Date
6/8/2010
Size
978.69 KB
Type
Document
Alejandro D. Dom?uez-Garc? University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 6/8/2010 978.69 KB Document
New Angles for Monitoring Power System Area Stress with Synchrophasors
Description
Slides for PSERC webinar on Sep. 7, 2010
This webinar is on an idea for a new application using synchrophasor data to monitor power system stress in a selected area. We define the voltage angle across an area of a power system to measure the area stress. The voltage angle across the area is a weighted combination of the voltage angles at all the buses along the border of an area. The area angle can be divided into two parts; one part is internal stress caused by power injections inside the area, and the other part is external stress caused by power flows from other areas. The area angles can be monitored using synchrophasor measurements at the border buses. The internal stress angle changes when lines inside the area outage or when there is redispatch of power within the area. The internal stress angle does not change when lines outage outside the area or power is redispatched outside the area. This makes the internal stress angle useful for detecting and monitoring changes inside the area. The analysis uses a DC load flow model of the power system and exploits the recently discovered cutset angle.
Author
Ian Dobson, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Date
9/6/2010
Size
256.71 KB
Type
Document
Ian Dobson, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison 9/6/2010 256.71 KB Document
Implementation Issues for Hierarchical State Estimators
Description
Slides for PSERC Webinar on Sep18, 2010

There is renewed interest in situation awareness for an entire interconnection because of the cascading blackout of August 2003 which affected an area that is not covered by any one control center. Such centers will be made possible when enough phasor measurement units for time-synchronizing the data exist across an interconnection. Operationally, the local monitoring and state estimation results can be moved up through the reliability coordinators to an interconnection-wide monitoring center.

Two parallel investigation paths were pursued in our research. The first path was to investigate the effect of exchanging more real-time measurement data between the external model and the state estimator. This also included investigating the retention of more detailed external models than the present day practice of only retaining equivalents at the boundary buses. The second path was to investigate the effect of utilizing synchronized phasor measurements from the external model in the state estimator. This also included investigating the optimal positioning of the synchrophasors in the external model.

The objective of this webinar is to provide an overview of this PSERC research project's results.
Author
Anjan Bose, Washington State Univ.
Date
9/27/2010
Size
334.22 KB
Type
Document
Anjan Bose, Washington State Univ. 9/27/2010 334.22 KB Document
Grid Effects of Cloud-Induced Variation in Solar Photovoltaic Generation
Description
Slides for PSERC webinar on 10/5/2010.

Photovoltaic (PV) generation output varies with incident solar radiation, which is affected by cloud cover. Maximum expected changes in PV generation due to moving clouds and storms were assessed. The effects of such changes on two utilities were evaluated using power flow and production costing software. Results are presented in this webinar.
Author
Ward Jewell, Wichita State University
Date
10/5/2010
Size
1.16 MB
Type
Document
Ward Jewell, Wichita State University 10/5/2010 1.16 MB Document
Comparative Characterization of Parallel Distribution Sensors Under Field Conditions
Description
Slides for the Oct. 19 PSERC webinar.

Under this PSERC project, researchers consulted with advisor utilities to determine commonly used models of alternative sensors. After reaching consensus on sensor selection, researchers installed a three-phase set of each selected model alongside a three-phase set of conventional CTs and PTs on an in-service, 12.47-kV distribution feeder. Over an extended period of time, the outputs of these devices were monitored with high-fidelity waveform-recording devices. These devices recorded multiple steady-state and transient electrical signals, including several overcurrent faults.The generalized conclusion from this project is that utilities cannot assume that any particular sensor’ s performance is adequate for any particular function, without first carefully studying the requirements of the function and the performance of the sensors under consideration.
Author
Carl Benner, Texas A&M Univ.
Date
10/18/2010
Size
1.78 MB
Type
Document
Carl Benner, Texas A&M Univ. 10/18/2010 1.78 MB Document
Actions Being Taken within the Midwest ISO To Address Climate Changes
Description
Webinar slides for the public webinar on 11/2/2010.

As a Regional Transmission Operator, the Midwest ISO is an information resource.  In the high stakes climate change debate, the Midwest ISO’ s goal is to inform, prepare, and position its stakeholders to have a voice in the policy debate and to efficiently adapt to potential regulatory changes. The climate change regulations currently being discussed in Congress will have significant impacts on the Midwest ISO and its stakeholders. This presentation describes activity being taken by the Midwest ISO to understand the implications of climate change initiatives on Midwest ISO stakeholders. Various compliance strategies will need to be employed in combination to meet the policy objectives of both state and federal regulators while achieving the lowest cost.
Author
John Lawhorn, Midwest ISO
Date
11/1/2010
Size
184.89 KB
Type
Document
John Lawhorn, Midwest ISO 11/1/2010 184.89 KB Document
Substation of the Future: A Feasibility Study
Description
Slides for PSERC webinar on Nov. 9, 2010.

Digital technologies for data acquisition, automation, and control have been continuously evolving for the last three decades. We propose a revolutionary utilization and integration of existing technologies for the design of the substation of the future. The proposed approach is based on the concept of equipping each component: potential transformer (VT), current transformer (CT), breaker, etc. with a universal GPS-synchronized meter (UGPSSM) that will transmit data to a set of redundant substation computers. The data are processed locally to provide a reliable real time model of the substation with minimal time latencies (less than 1 msec). The real time model is utilized for critical (protection, alarming, etc.) and non-critical functions (power quality analysis, etc.) of the substation. The real time model of the substation is also transmitted to the control center where the entire system model is synthesized. The real time model (substation and system) is also available to all shareholders via the enterprise communication network. The report describes the overall scheme and provides performance metrics for this approach. It illustrates that it is possible to design a system as described in this report with existing technology or slightly modified present day technologies.
Author
Sakis Meliopoulos, Ga Tech. Inst.
Date
11/8/2010
Size
2.72 MB
Type
Document
Sakis Meliopoulos, Ga Tech. Inst. 11/8/2010 2.72 MB Document
Climate Change Adaptation Program at BC Hydro Transmission
Description
Slides for PSERC webinar on Dec. 7, 2010.

British Columbia Hydro Transmission plans, manages and operates 18,600 km of transmission lines, 286 substations and 124 telecommunication sites across British Columbia. Transmission asset is exposed to weather. Climate conditions, such as temperature, precipitation and wind, play a major role in transmission system asset management, design, and operation. Thus, a changing climate could have significant impacts on transmission assets.

This presentation summarizes BC Hydro’ s Transmission Climate Change Adaptation Program which proactively addresses greenhouse gas emission risk, reduction and financial management. Major climate change challenges, issues, and mitigation measures will be addressed. Details are presented on how climate change conditions are projected. The presentation includes information on how BC Hydro transmission mitigates and adapts to climate changes, specifically to temperature, precipitation, wind, icing, and rising sea level. Specific examples will be presented on how BC Hydro Transmission uses advanced materials, robotics, and meteorological in its program. 
Author
Janos Toth, BC Hydro Transmission
Date
12/7/2010
Size
1.11 MB
Type
Document
Janos Toth, BC Hydro Transmission 12/7/2010 1.11 MB Document
Using PMU Data to Increase Situational Awareness
Description
Slides for the PSERC webinar on Dec. 14, 2010

With the large-scale deployment of PMUs in the U.S. and worldwide, a recurring theme has been the question of how to best extract useful “ information” or “ knowledge” from the very voluminous data that PMUs provide. Over the last two years PSERC project S-36, “ Using PMU Data to Increase Situational Awareness,” has focused on this issue. This webinar presents results from this project, focusing in five areas. First, the webinar considers how much information could be gleaned from the PMU data with an approach that makes minimal use of other a priori information about the system status and model parameters. Second, the presentation will discuss an algorithm on how PMU data can be used to enhance existing power flow algorithms to improve situational awareness. Third, the visualization of PMU-derived information associated with power system electromechanical oscillations will be considered. Fourth, the webinar will consider how PMU data can improve situational awareness by improving the load models used for power system analysis platforms. Last, the application of PMU data to improve reactive power monitoring and control is considered.
Author
Tom Overbye, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign
Date
12/13/2010
Size
2.92 MB
Type
Document
Tom Overbye, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign 12/13/2010 2.92 MB Document

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