This talk is partially based on the IEEE Proc.  paper, Nov 2005
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Conclusions: Cost and benefits related to system control
•This question needs to be addressed as the industry structure evolves;
•Possible to make the case that the entire interconnection would benefit (measured in terms of whatever criteria chosen, such as total generation cost; enhanced reliability);
•A multi-layered approach  would allow for moving toward interactive decision making  for establishing tradeoffs between sub-objectives of individual stake-holders (or CAs) and the system as a whole.
•More work is needed; yet, it is straightforward to show that generally less reserve is needed with more effective  on-line control. The cumulative cost of reserves is  easily lower than the estimated benefits.
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