•A piece of equipment
disconnects in one control area (CA);
•This causes
violations of limits on other pieces of equipment (in the affected and/or other CAs);
•Protection disconnects the affected equipment
•This further creates
power imbalances/overflows/frequency
deviations/insufficient voltage
support (in the CA where the initial event occurred and/or throughout the interconnection);
•These are seen in slow
inter-area oscillations and, ultimately loss of synchronism
•